Dalam elektronik, sebuah pengubah analog-ke-digital (bahasa Inggris: analog-to-digital converter, disingkat ADC) adalah suatu kalang elektronik yang mengubah informasi/isyarat analog menjadi isyarat digital.
Prinsip kerja
Banyak masukan, terutama yang berasal dari transduser,
merupakan isyarat analog yang harus disandikan menjadi informasi
digital sebelum masukan itu diproses, dianalisa atau disimpan di dalam
kalang digital. Pengubah mengambil masukan, mencobanya, dan kemudian
memproduksi suatu kata digital bersandi yang sesuai dengan taraf dari
isyarat analog yang sedang diperiksa. Keluaran digital bisa berderet
(bit demi bit) atau berjajar dengan semua bit yang disandikan disajikan
serentak. Dalam sebagian besar pengubah, isyarat harus ditahan mantap
selama proses pengubahan.
== Teknik pengubahan ==wildan Terdapat banyak cara untuk
melaksanakan pengubahan analog ke digital, tergantung dari kecepatan
dan ketelitian konversi yang dibutuhkan. Tipe pengubah yang sering
dipakai adalah:
Sistem loop terbuka
= Tegangan ke frekuensi
Pengubah tegangan ke frekuensi merupakan suatu sistem sederhana yang
dapat dipakai bila tidak membutuhkan ketelitian tinggi. Masukan analog
dikirimkan ke osilator terkendali tegangan.
Osilator menghasilkan sinyal keluaran yang merupakan suatu fungsi
linear dari isyarat masukan. Keluaran sinyal osilator kemudian
dikirimkan ke pencacah untuk diubah menjadi isyarat digital.
Tegangan ke lebar pulsa
Di
sini tegangan masukan analog digunakan untuk mengendalikan lebar pulsa
keluaran suatu ekamantap. Pulsa ekamantap digunakan untuk membuka
gerbang untuk memungkinkan clock frekuensi tetap yang mantap untuk
dicacah.
Parameter pada pengubah
- Waktu pengubahan
- Angka pengubahan
- Taraf kuantum
- Resolusi
- Ketelitian
- Presisi
Pengubah digital-ke-analog
Proses pengubahan DAC ini berlawanan dengan proses ADC.
Atmel AVR
adalah jenis mikrokontroler yang paling sering dipakai dalam bidang
elektronika dan instrumentasi. Mikrokontroler AVR ini memiliki
arsitektur RISC (Reduce Instruction Set Computing)
delapan bit, di mana semua instruksi dikemas dalam kode 16-bit (16 bits
word) dan sebagian besar instruksi dieksekusi dalam 1 (satu ) siklus
clock.
Nama AVR sendiri berasal dari "Alf (Egil Bogen) and Vegard (Wollan) 's Risc
processor" dimana Alf Egil Bogen dan Vegard Wollan adalah dua penemu
berkebangsaan Norwegia yang menemukan mikrokontroller AVR yang kemudian
diproduksi oleh Atmel.
Secara umum, AVR dapat dikelompokkan dalam 10 kelas, yaitu:
- Keluarga AVR Otomotif
- Keluarga AVR Z-Link
- Keluarga AVR Manajemen Batere
- Keluarga AVC CAN
- Keluarga AVR LCD
- Keluarga AVR Pencahayaan
- Keluarga TinyAVR
- Keluarga MegaAVR
- ATMega8535
- Keluarga AVR USB
- Keluarga XMEGA
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